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Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disorder that has been linked to chronic systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and an atherogenic lipid profile. Inflammation has a vital role in the progression of endometriosis and it is associated with altering immune cells in that region. When oxidative stress occurs in the body the natural cell processes become dysregulated and when it comes to endometrial cells they do not respond to hormones the correct way and their life cycle becomes disrupted PMID: 32063886
Plant-based diet leads to a decrease in the bioavailability of estrogen, estrogen plays a role in inducing extra-uterine endometrial tissue growth. Also, higher consumption of fruits and green vegetables may be protective because it can decrease inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (that are elevated among women diagnosed with endometriosis PMID: 26908709
Women consuming ≥1 serving of citrus fruits/day had a 22% lower endometriosis risk compared to those consuming <1 serving/week. Beta-cryptoxanthin (a provitamin A found in fruits and vegetables ) intake was significantly associated with lower endometriosis risk. PMID: 29401293
Polyphenols display important anti-endometriotic properties; in particular, they are potent phytoestrogens that in parallel modulate estrogen activity and exert anti-inflammatory activity. Luteolin can be found in different plants, nuts, and herbs. Dietary sources rich in it include several vegetables, such as carrot, broccoli, parsley, olive, thyme and clove. The active metabolites of luteolin have anti-oxidant, anti-tumoral, anti-apoptotic, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. PMID: 33919512
Quercetin a major dietary flavonol found in vegetables and fruits such as onion, cauliflower, lettuce, apple skin, and chili pepper. It inhibits proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest in endometriotic cells. it has been shown to induce apoptosis in endometriotic cells by causing the production of reactive oxygen species, DNA fragmentation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, with in vitro and in vivo studies
Women consuming >2 servings/d of red meat had a 56% higher risk of endometriosis compared to those consuming ≤1 serving/wk. This association was strongest for nonprocessed red meats. Women in the highest category of processed red meat intake also had a higher risk of endometriosis ( for ≥5 servings/wk vs <1 serving/mo). PMID: 29870739
References
Birnbaum, L. S., & Cummings, A. M. (2002). Dioxins and endometriosis: a plausible hypothesis. Environmental health perspectives, 110(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0211015 PMID: 11781160
Bruner-Tran, K. L., Osteen, K. G., Taylor, H. S., Sokalska, A., Haines, K., & Duleba, A. J. (2011). Resveratrol inhibits development of experimental endometriosis in vivo and reduces endometrial stromal cell invasiveness in vitro. Biology of reproduction, 84(1), 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.110.086744 PMID: 20844278
Dull, A. M., Moga, M. A., Dimienescu, O. G., Sechel, G., Burtea, V., & Anastasiu, C. V. (2019). Therapeutic Approaches of Resveratrol on Endometriosis via Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Angiogenic Pathways. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 24(4), 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040667 PMID: 3078188
Harris, H. R., Eke, A. C., Chavarro, J. E., & Missmer, S. A. (2018). Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of endometriosis. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 33(4), 715–727. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dey014 PMID: 29401293
Farvid, M. S., Eliassen, A. H., Cho, E., Liao, X., Chen, W. Y., & Willett, W. C. (2016). Dietary Fiber Intake in Young Adults and Breast Cancer Risk. Pediatrics, 137(3), e20151226. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-1226 PMID: 26908709
García-Gómez, E., Vázquez-Martínez, E. R., Reyes-Mayoral, C., Cruz-Orozco, O. P., Camacho-Arroyo, I., & Cerbón, M. (2020). Regulation of Inflammation Pathways and Inflammasome by Sex Steroid Hormones in Endometriosis. Frontiers in endocrinology, 10, 935. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00935 PMID: 32063886
Gołąbek, A., Kowalska, K., & Olejnik, A. (2021). Polyphenols as a Diet Therapy Concept for Endometriosis-Current Opinion and Future Perspectives. Nutrients, 13(4), 1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041347PMID: 33919512
Tassinari, V., Smeriglio, A., Stillittano, V., Trombetta, D., Zilli, R., Tassinari, R., Maranghi, F., Frank, G., Marcoccia, D., & Di Renzo, L. (2023). Endometriosis Treatment: Role of Natural Polyphenols as Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Nutrients, 15(13), 2967. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132967 PMID: 37447296
Yamamoto, A., Harris, H. R., Vitonis, A. F., Chavarro, J. E., & Missmer, S. A. (2018). A prospective cohort study of meat and fish consumption and endometriosis risk. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 219(2), 178.e1–178.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.05 PMID: 29870739
Yalçın Bahat, P., Ayhan, I., Üreyen Özdemir, E., İnceboz, Ü., & Oral, E. (2022). Dietary supplements for treatment of endometriosis: A review. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis, 93(1), e2022159. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v93i1.11237 PMID: 35315418
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Endometriosis
Preconception
Smoking and obesity have been associated with a longer time it takes to get pregnant or infertility. Still, the role of diet in preconception has not been well studied in a general population. Healthier foods and dietary patterns have been shown to be beneficial in women receiving infertility treatment. A study examined a total of 5598 women in the general population to establish whether a preconception diet is associated with reduced fertility by requiring a longer time to get pregnant. The results of the study showed that lower intakes of fruit and higher intakes of fast food were both associated with increases in TTP (time to pregnancy) and infertility.
Smoking and obesity have been associated with a longer time it takes to get pregnant or infertility. Still, the role of diet in preconception has not been well studied in a general population. Healthier foods and dietary patterns have been shown to be beneficial in women receiving infertility treatment. A study examined a total of 5598 women in the general population to establish whether a preconception diet is associated with reduced fertility by requiring a longer time to get pregnant. The results of the study showed that lower intakes of fruit and higher intakes of fast food were both associated with increases in TTP (time to pregnancy) and infertility.
Compared with women who consumed fruit ≥3 times/day, the adjusted effects of consuming fruit:
Increases in the median TTP;
≥1–<3 times/day -6%; 7%
1–6 times/week -11%; 18%
<1–3 times/month -19%; 29%
Compared with women who consumed fast food ≥4 times/week.
Reduction in median TTP; reduced risk of infertility
≥2–<4 times- 11%; 18%,
>0–<2 times/week 21%,34%
No fast food- 24%, 41%
Lower intake of fruit and higher intake of fast food in the preconception period were both associated with a longer TTP.
References
Jessica A Grieger, Luke E Grzeskowiak, Tina Bianco-Miotto, Tanja Jankovic-Karasoulos, Lisa J Moran, Rebecca L Wilson, Shalem Y Leemaqz, Lucilla Poston, Lesley McCowan, Louise C Kenny, Jenny Myers, James J Walker, Robert J Norman, Gus A Dekker, Claire T Roberts, Pre-pregnancy fast food and fruit intake is associated with time to pregnancy, Human Reproduction, Volume 33, Issue 6, June 2018, Pages 1063–1070, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dey079 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey079